A temporary email provider hands you a free, disposable inbox instantly, with no registration required — an address built to expire. Most last between ten minutes and a few hours, which is where the nicknames come from: temp-mail, throwaway mail, burner mail, 10-minute mail. Mailinator, Guerrilla Mail, 10MinuteMail, YOPmail and Temp-Mail all work the same way. You land on the page, an address is already waiting, and nothing is asked of you. On several of them the inbox is public, so anyone who guesses the address can read what arrives in it.
The category is not inherently abusive. Developers use it to test signup flows without polluting a real mailbox, and plenty of people use it for a one-shot gated download they never want to hear about again. What made it a problem for site owners is trial farming and fake-account creation at volume: a burner address costs nothing, so the same person can take a free tier fifty times.
The distinction that matters for blocking is between the provider and the domain. A provider is the service. A domain is one of the hostnames it hands out, and the two are nowhere near one to one. A single provider in this directory can be responsible for thousands of separate hostnames, which is the whole reason a flat domain list stops working: block the brand name you recognise and you have blocked one hostname out of hundreds. Sort the Domains column to see how lopsided that distribution is.